@article{ref1,
title="An empirical study on the relation between the critical angle for bullet ricochet and the properties of wood",
journal="Journal of forensic sciences",
year="2015",
author="Kerkhoff, Wim and Alberink, Ivo and Mattijssen, Erwin J. A. T.",
volume="60",
number="3",
pages="605-610",
abstract="The properties of a bullet, an object, and the incidence angle determine whether the bullet will penetrate, perforate, or ricochet. In this study, the critical angle for ricochet was established for.32 Auto and 9 mm Luger bullets on Abachi, Southern Yellow Pine, Beech, and Ipe wooden boards. <br><br>RESULTS show that the critical angle differs depending on caliber and wood type. The critical angle is higher for.32 Auto bullets than for 9 mm Luger bullets and increases with increasing wood density and Janka hardness. The established critical angles for ricochet on the lightest and softest wood (Abachi) are 10.4° and 10.3° for.32 Auto and 9 mm Luger, respectively. For the heaviest and hardest wood (Ipe), the angles were 45.0° and 33.4°, respectively. The combined results on the four tested woods show a strong linear relationship between both the density and the hardness and the critical angle for both calibers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-1198",
doi="10.1111/1556-4029.12738",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12738"
}