@article{ref1,
title="Methodology for safety improvement programming using constrained network-level optimization",
journal="Transportation research part C: emerging technologies",
year="2015",
author="Murillo-Hoyos, Jackeline and Athigakunagorn, Nathee and Labi, Samuel",
volume="50",
number="",
pages="106-116",
abstract="This paper develops and implements a decision support framework that prescribes and prioritizes cost-effective safety improvements at deserving locations under funding constraints, economic and comprehensive crash cost methods, at rural two-lane highway sections. The framework is demonstrated using Indiana's 7700-mile rural two-lane network. For sections that are both deficient and hazardous under unconstrained budget and economic crash cost method, it was determined that $55. M is needed. Assuming a safety budget of $1. M/year over a 5-year period, it was found that 170-180 crashes (translating to $8-15. M) could be prevented. If the annual budget is increased to $2. M/year over a 5-year period, 244 crashes (translating to $12-26. M) can be prevented. Monetary amounts are in Year 2000 constant dollars. Overall, the results suggest that perpetual increases in highway safety improvements spending are not likely to be accompanied by a commensurate reduction of crashes at rural two-lane highways. In other words, there is a ceiling to the effectiveness of engineering safety countermeasures, and therefore non-engineering countermeasures such as safety education and enforcement must be sought to complement the engineering efforts at rural two-lane highways.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0968-090X",
doi="10.1016/j.trc.2014.09.010",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2014.09.010"
}