@article{ref1,
title="Things I Have Learned about Meta-­Analysis since 1990: Reducing Bias in Search of "The Big Picture"",
journal="Canadian journal of learning and technology",
year="2014",
author="Bernard, Robert M.",
volume="40",
number="3",
pages="-",
abstract="This paper examines sources of potential bias in systematic reviews and meta-analyses which can distort their findings, leading to problems with interpretation and application by practitioners and policymakers. It follows from an article that was published in the &quot;Canadian Journal of Communication&quot; in 1990, &quot;Integrating Research into Instructional Practice: The Use and Abuse of Meta-analysis,&quot; which introduced meta-analysis as a means for estimating population parameters and summarizing quantitative research around instructional research questions. This paper begins by examining two cases where multiple meta-analyses disagree. It then goes on to describe substantive and methodological aspects of meta-analysis where various kinds of bias can influence the outcomes and suggests measures that can be taken to avoid them. The intention is to improve the reliability and accuracy of reviews so that practitioners can trust the results and use them more effectively.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1499-6677",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}