@article{ref1,
title="The effects of profanity in violent video games on players' hostile expectations, aggressive thoughts and feelings, and other responses",
journal="Journal of broadcasting and electronic media",
year="2013",
author="Ivory, Adrienne Holz and Kaestle, Christine E.",
volume="57",
number="2",
pages="224-241",
abstract="Although effects of violence in video games have been researched extensively, no empirical studies have examined effects of profanity, a form of verbal aggression, in video games. An experiment (N = 321) investigated effects of profanity used by protagonist and antagonist characters in a first-person shooter game on players' hostile expectations, accessibility of aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings, and other responses. Profanity used by both protagonist and antagonist characters increased hostile expectations, a direct precursor to aggressive behaviors. <br><br>FINDINGS suggest that profanity in video games may affect aggressive outcomes, emphasizing the need for more research investigating effects of profanity in media.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0883-8151",
doi="10.1080/08838151.2013.787078",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.787078"
}