@article{ref1,
title="Back injuries in college athletes",
journal="Journal of Spinal Disorders",
year="1989",
author="Keene, J. S. and Albert, M. J. and Springer, S. L. and Drummond, D. S. and Clancy, W. G.",
volume="2",
number="3",
pages="190-195",
abstract="Frequency and types of back injuries sustained by intercollegiate athletes were determined by examining medical records of 4,790 athletes that competed in 17 varsity sports over a 10-year period. These athletes sustained 333 back injuries, an injury rate of 7 per 100 participants. Injury rates were significantly higher in American football and gymnastics, and 80% of the injuries occurred in practice, 6% in competition, and 14% during preseason conditioning. Muscle strains occurred with much greater frequency than other types of injuries, and acute back injuries were much more prevalent (59%) than overuse injuries (12%) or injuries associated with pre-existing conditions (29%).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0895-0385",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}