@article{ref1,
title="Pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium in an 11-year-old rugby player: a case report",
journal="Journal of athletic training",
year="2013",
author="Vanzo, Valentina and Bugin, Samuela and Snijders, Deborah and Bottecchia, Laura and Storer, Veronica and Barbato, Angelo",
volume="48",
number="2",
pages="277-281",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium are rare occurrences in young athletes, but they can result in potentially life-threatening consequences. <br><br>BACKGROUND: While involved in a rugby match, an 11-year-old boy received a chest compression by 3 players during a tackle. He continued to play, but 2 hours later, he developed sharp retrosternal chest pain. A chest radiograph and an echocardiograph at the nearest emergency department showed pneumopericardium and pneumomediastinum. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Sternal and rib contusions, rib fractures, heartburn, acute asthma exacerbation, pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, pneumothorax, traumatic tracheal rupture, myocardial infarction, and costochondritis (Tietze syndrome). TREATMENT: Acetaminophen for pain control. UNIQUENESS: To our knowledge, this is the only case in the international literature of the simultaneous occurrence of pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium in a child as a consequence of blunt chest trauma during a rugby match. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Pneumomediastinum and pneumopericardium may be consequences of rugby blunt chest trauma. Symptoms can appear 1 to 2 hours later, and the conditions may result in serious complications. Immediate admission to the emergency department is required.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1062-6050",
doi="10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.11",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.11"
}