@article{ref1,
title="Risk factors for concussive symptoms 1 week or longer in high school athletes",
journal="Brain injury",
year="2013",
author="Chrisman, Sara P. and Rivara, Frederick P. and Schiff, Melissa A. and Zhou, Chuan and Comstock, R. Dawn",
volume="27",
number="1",
pages="1-9",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for concussive symptoms ≥1 week. <br><br>METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of concussions in the RIO™ database 2006-2009 (n = 1412) analysing risk factors for concussive symptoms ≥1 week. This study examined athlete's age, sex, weight, history of concussion, number of symptoms and specific symptoms. Data were stratified by American  football vs. non-football and analysed using Poisson regression to calculate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. <br><br>RESULTS: Presenting with four or more symptoms was associated with double the risk for concussive symptoms ≥1 week for both football (95% CI = 1.3-3.5) and non-football players (95% CI = 1.4-4.6). History of prior concussion was associated with double the risk for concussive symptoms ≥1 week in American football players only (95% CI = 1.3-3.5). Several symptoms were associated with concussive symptoms ≥1 week in all athletes: drowsiness, nausea and concentration difficulties. Sensitivity to light and noise was associated with concussive symptoms ≥1 week in non-football players only. Amnesia was associated with concussive symptoms ≥1 week in males, but not females. Loss of consciousness was not significant. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for concussive symptoms ≥1 week are identifiable and can potentially be used to prognosticate for athletes and design evidence-based return-to-play guidelines.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0269-9052",
doi="10.3109/02699052.2012.722251",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2012.722251"
}