@article{ref1,
title="Design and control of the MINDWALKER Exoskeleton",
journal="IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering",
year="2014",
author="Wang, Shiqian and Wang, Letian and Meijneke, Cory and van Asseldonk, Edwin and Hoellinger, Thomas and Cheron, Guy and Ivanenko, Yuri and La Scaleia, Valentina and Sylos-Labini, Francesca and Molinari, Marco and Tamburella, Federica and Pisotta, Iolanda and Thorsteinsson, Freygardur and Ilzkovitz, Michel and Gancent, Jeremi and Nevatia, Yashodhan and Hauffe, Ralf and Zanow, Frank and van der Kooij, Herman",
volume="23",
number="2",
pages="277-286",
abstract="Powered exoskeletons can empower paraplegics to stand and walk. Actively controlled hip ab/adduction (HAA) is needed for weight shift and for lateral foot placement to support dynamic balance control and to counteract disturbances in the frontal plane. Here, we describe the design, control, and preliminary evaluation of a novel exoskeleton, MINDWALKER. Besides powered hip flexion/ extension and knee flexion/extension, it also has powered HAA. Each of the powered joints has a series elastic actuator, which can deliver 100Nm torque and 1kW power. A finite-state machine based controller provides gait assistance in both the sagittal and frontal planes. State transitions, such as stepping, can be triggered by the displacement of the Center of Mass (CoM). A novel step-width adaptation algorithm was proposed to stabilize lateral balance. We tested this exoskeleton on both healthy subjects and paraplegics. Experimental results showed that all users could successfully trigger steps by CoM displacement. The step-width adaptation algorithm could actively counteract disturbances, such as pushes. With the current implementations, stable walking without crutches has been achieved for healthy subjects but not yet for SCI paraplegics. More research and development is needed to improve the gait stability.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1534-4320",
doi="10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2365697",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2014.2365697"
}