@article{ref1,
title="Pre-hospital rescue times and actions in severe trauma. A comparison between two trauma systems: Germany and the Netherlands",
journal="Injury",
year="2014",
author="Timm, Alexander and Maegele, Marc and Lefering, Rolf and Wendt, Klaus and Wyen, Hendrik",
volume="45",
number="Suppl 3",
pages="S43-S52",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of national pre-hospital rescue strategies on the status of severely injured patients at the time of admission to a Trauma Center (TC) in Germany or the Netherlands. <br><br>PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective database analysis based on the TraumaRegister DGU(®) (TR-DGU) of the German Trauma Society compares the pre-hospital trauma system of Germany with three Trauma Centers (TCs) from the Netherlands. It comprises trauma patients from 2009 to 2012 admitted to a Level I TC, all patients aged 16-80 years primarily admitted with an ISS ≥16 and data available for mode of transport, pre-hospital measures and total pre-hospital time. Additionally three subgroups were formed by mode of transportation and involved personnel: Ambulance/Physician, Helicopter/Physician, Ambulance/EMT. Primary endpoint is the patient's status at the time of admission to the trauma room. Secondary endpoint is hospital mortality. <br><br>RESULTS: A total of 12,168 patients met the inclusion criteria. Major differences in the injury patterns, pre-hospital rescue time, transport strategy and actions are documented. The mean ISS in the German overall group was 28.6±12.2 compared to 27.4±12.8 in the Dutch overall group. In the subgroups the highest injury severity with 29.8±12.7 for German patients and 31.0±14.6 for Dutch patients was found in the Helicopter/Physician subgroups and the lowest in patients transported by ambulance under emergency medical technician (EMT) care i.e. 24.2±8.9 for German patients and 23.6±10.3 for Dutch patients. The mean total pre-hospital time for patients admitted to Dutch TCs of 53.8±28.7min was 15.1min shorter than for patients transported to German TCs 68.7±28.6min. The overall mean pre-hospital volume replacement of 1103±821ml for German patients was about twice as high as for Dutch patients (541±700ml). In physician led subgroups in the Netherlands higher rates of intubation, catecholamine administration and chest tubes are recorded. The basic vital signs from on-scene to hospital admission did not show relevant changes. Additional parameters available in the trauma room revealed a lower mean Base Excess (BE) for Dutch patients and a diminished mean prothrombin ratio for German patients. No reliable evidence was found that differences in the mortality analysis resulted from different national pre-hospital strategy. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Many differences in the national pre-hospital strategy were demonstrated but the effect on patient's status at the time of admission to trauma room remains unclear. A follow-up study, which mitigates the now known injury patterns has to be initiated to further substantiate the findings of this study.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0020-1383",
doi="10.1016/j.injury.2014.08.017",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2014.08.017"
}