@article{ref1,
title="Strongly enhanced toxicity of the mushroom toxin alpha-amanitin by an amatoxin-specific Fab or monoclonal antibody",
journal="Toxicon: Journal of the International Society on Toxinology",
year="1988",
author="Faulstich, H. and Kirchner, K. and Derenzini, M.",
volume="26",
number="5",
pages="491-499",
abstract="A monoclonal antibody, with high affinity against the mushroom toxin alpha-amanitin, was prepared. Administration of the Fab fragment of the monoclonal antibody to mice caused a 50-fold increase in alpha-amanitin toxicity. Electron micrographs showed normal appearance of hepatocytes but typical, amanitin-induced lesions in cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. The pronounced nephrotoxicity is mainly explained by glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption of the Fab-amatoxin complex and, to a lesser extent, of the immunoglobulin-amatoxin complex, which is still c. Twice as toxic as free alpha-amanitin. To our knowledge this is the first reported case where immunoglobulins or their fragments enhance rather than decrease the activity of a toxin. Accordingly, immunotherapy of Amanita mushroom poisoning in humans does not appear promising.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0041-0101",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}