@article{ref1,
title="Increasing Safety Belt Use: Effects of Modeling and Trip Length",
journal="Journal of applied social psychology",
year="1990",
author="Howell, Robert H. and Owen, Patricia D. and Nocks, Elaine C.",
volume="20",
number="3",
pages="254-263",
abstract="Effects of modeling on car safety belt use were investigated in a field experiment. Modeling, anticipated trip length, and gender of the model were manipulated in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. Sixty-four female college students were told that they were to participate in an experiment that would take place in another location, requiring a drive either of less than one mile or of several miles. The driver either used or did not use a safety belt. Subjects' belt use was significantly related to the model's behavior. When the driver used a safety belt, 77.4% of the subjects used one; when the driver did not use a safety belt, only 313% of the subjects used one. A significant effect for trip length was also found. In the long trip condition, 71.9% of the subjects used a belt; in the short trip condition, 35.5% used one. Results are interpreted as support for a social learning theory approach to increasing voluntary safety belt use.<p />",
language="",
issn="0021-9029",
doi="10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00410.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00410.x"
}