@article{ref1,
title="Pilot performance during simulated approaches and landings made with various computer-generated visual glidepath indicators",
journal="Aviation, space, and environmental medicine",
year="1979",
author="Lewis, M. F. and Mertens, H. W.",
volume="50",
number="10",
pages="991-1002",
abstract="Two simulator experiments were conducted to quantify the effectiveness, in terms of pilot performance, of four different visual glidepath indicator systems (the 2-bar VASI, 3-bar VASI, T-VASIS, and PAPI) in the severely reduced nighttime visual environment often referred to as the &quot;black hole.&quot; Performance in Experiment I was best with the T-VASIS and decreased with the 3-bar BASI, PAPI, and 2-bar VASI, in that order; but differences between the T-VASIS, 3-bar VASI, and Papi were not statistically significant. Approaches flown withou the ground-vased glidepath indicators tended to be low and extremely variable. Observing behavior was compared in approaches with the T-VASIS and 2-bar VASI. Observing response frequency increased as distance from runway threshold decreased and was significantly higher with the T-VASIS. Differences in performanange provided by a given system and to the rate of observing the indicator during approaches.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0095-6562",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}