@article{ref1,
title="Low-velocity gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial complex",
journal="Journal of trauma",
year="1979",
author="Gant, T. D. and Epstein, L. I.",
volume="19",
number="9",
pages="674-677",
abstract="A review of the past literature of gunshot wounds indicates that the clinical material deals mainly with high-velocity missile injuries from military experience. A series of 66 cases of low-velocity gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial complex at San Francisco General Hospital between 1971 and 1978 indicates a clinical difference between injuries caused by low-velocity as compared to previously reported high-velocity missiles. Damage to vital structures resulting from missile injury to the maxillofacial complex are classified in three anatomic areas: 1) supra-orbital (28 cases of which 20 involved neurological damage); 2) mid-face (24 cases of which 8 involved the orbits and/or globe); 3) lower face (14 cases, of which 3 involved laceration of the carotid and 2 involved airway obstruction necessitating tracheostomy). The management of gunshot wounds to the maxillofacial area is outlined, emphasizing: 1) Debridement and prompt closure of intraoral wounds with antibiotic coverage: 2) Early stabilization of mandible fractures: 3) Indications for tracheostomy; 4) Arteriographic studies. In our series there were only four infections, which were treated easily with incision and drainage and appropriate antibiotic selection.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-5282",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}