@article{ref1,
title="Cockpit displays of traffic information and pilot bias in time-to-contact judgments",
journal="Aviation, space, and environmental medicine",
year="2014",
author="Pankok, Carl and Kaber, David B.",
volume="85",
number="6",
pages="597-604",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: Pilots are susceptible to over-reliance on distance when making relative time-to-contact (TTC) judgments of surrounding intruders, referred to as &quot;the distance bias.&quot; We tested the effect of adding perceptual cues and an information feature to cockpit displays of traffic information to mitigate this bias. <br><br>METHOD: There were 14 general aviation pilots who participated in a simulated flight scenario and were asked to make relative TTC judgments. Three levels of perceptual cue (blinking, color-change, and no-cue) were crossed with two levels of velocity data tag (present and absent) with identification of the highest risk intruder as a response. <br><br>RESULTS: Perceptual cues were associated with more accurate high-risk intruder selection (color = 95.95% correct, blinking = 95.98%, no-cue = 87.89%), decreased response time (color = 3.68 s, blinking = 3.19 s, no-cue = 6.08 s), reduced visual attention demand (color = 57% of attention, blinking = 58%, no-cue = 62%), lower workload ratings (color = 28.38/100, blinking = 29.66/100, no-cue = 48.91/100), and higher performance confidence ratings (color = 83.92/100, blinking = 82.71/100, no-cue = 58.85/100) than the no-cue displays. There was no difference between blinking and color cue displays. The data tag was associated with lower response times (present = 4.13 s, absent = 4.50 s) and higher confidence ratings (present = 78.69/100, absent = 71.63/100) than displays without. Displays including the blinking cue, color-change cue, and data tag were preferred over displays that did not include these features (color = 8 pilots, blinking = 6, no-cue = 0). <br><br>DISCUSSION: The added display features were effective in mitigating the effect of the distance bias on pilot performance measures and received favorable subjective ratings.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0095-6562",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}