@article{ref1,
title="Characteristics and behaviors of older male anabolic steroid users",
journal="Journal of pharmacy practice",
year="2014",
author="Ip, Eric J. and Trinh, Karen and Tenerowicz, Michael J. and Pal, Jai and Lindfelt, Tristan A. and Perry, Paul J.",
volume="28",
number="5",
pages="450-456",
abstract="OBJECTIVE:To compare and contrast the characteristics of 2 groups of men ≥40 years old: reported anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users and nonusers.<br><br>DESIGN:Cross-sectional survey.Setting:Thirty-eight online fitness, weight lifting, bodybuilding, and steroid Web sites.Participants:A total of 67 male AAS users and 76 male nonusers ≥40 years old.Main Outcomes Measured:Demographics, utilization of AAS and other performance-enhancing agents (PEAs), exercise patterns, history of illicit drugs and alcohol use, and psychiatric traits/diagnoses.<br><br>RESULTS:The majority of AAS users ≥40 years old were caucasian (92.5%), heterosexual (97.0%), and classified themselves as recreational exercisers (79.1%). AAS users took more PEAs (11.5 ± 5.6 vs 4.6 ± 2.7; P <.001), were more likely to binge drink (47.8% vs 29.0%; P =.025), report heavy alcohol use (21.0% vs 7.9%; P =.031), meet criteria for substance dependence disorder (27.4% vs 4.0%; P <.001), and report an anxiety disorder diagnosis (12.0% vs 2.6%; P =.046) than nonusers.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS:AAS misuse is prevalent among older men and is associated with polypharmacy, more aggressive alcohol use, and a higher incidence of substance dependence and anxiety disorders compared to nonusers. This information may help clinicians and researchers identify and develop appropriate intervention strategies for AAS abuse among older men.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0897-1900",
doi="10.1177/0897190014527319",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190014527319"
}