@article{ref1,
title="Music induces different cardiac autonomic arousal effects in young and older persons",
journal="Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical",
year="2014",
author="Hilz, Max J. and Stadler, Peter and Gryc, Thomas and Nath, Juliane and Habib-Romstoeck, Leila and Stemper, Brigitte and Buechner, Susanne and Wong, Samuel and Koehn, Julia",
volume="183",
number="",
pages="83-93",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Autonomic arousal-responses to emotional stimuli change with age. Age-dependent autonomic responses to music-onset are undetermined. <br><br>OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cardiovascular-autonomic responses to &quot;relaxing&quot; or &quot;aggressive&quot; music differ between young and older healthy listeners. <br><br>METHODS: In ten young (22.8±1.7years) and 10 older volunteers (61.7±7.7years), we monitored respiration (RESP), RR-intervals (RRI), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BPsys, BPdia) during silence and 180second presentations of two &quot;relaxing&quot; and two &quot;aggressive&quot; classical-music excerpts. Between both groups, we compared RESP, RRI, BPs, spectral-powers of mainly sympathetic low-frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15Hz) and parasympathetic high-frequency (HF: 0.15-0.5Hz) RRI-oscillations, RRI-LF/HF-ratios, RRI-total-powers (TP-RRI), and BP-LF-powers during 30s of silence, 30s of music-onset, and the remaining 150s of music presentation (analysis-of-variance and post-hoc analysis; significance: p<0.05). <br><br>RESULTS: During silence, both groups had similar RRI, LF/HF-ratios and LF-BPs; RESP, LF-RRI, HF-RRI, and TP-RRI were lower, but BPs were higher in older than younger participants. During music-onset, &quot;relaxing&quot; music decreased RRI in older and increased BPsys in younger participants, while &quot;aggressive&quot; music decreased RRI and increased BPsys, LF-RRI, LF/HF-ratios, and TP-RRI in older, but increased BPsys and RESP and decreased HF-RRI and TP-RRI in younger participants. Signals did not differ between groups during the last 150s of music presentation. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: During silence, autonomic modulation was lower - but showed sympathetic predominance - in older than younger persons. Responses to music-onset, particularly &quot;aggressive&quot; music, reflect more of an arousal- than an emotional-response to music valence, with age-specific shifts of sympathetic-parasympathetic balance mediated by parasympathetic withdrawal in younger and by sympathetic activation in older participants.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1566-0702",
doi="10.1016/j.autneu.2014.02.004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2014.02.004"
}