@article{ref1,
title="Predicting the activity and toxicity of new psychoactive substances: A pharmaceutical industry perspective",
journal="Drug testing and analysis",
year="2013",
author="Leach, Andrew G.",
volume="6",
number="7-8",
pages="739-745",
abstract="Predicting the effect that new compounds might have when administered to human beings is a common desire shared by researchers in the pharmaceutical industry and those interested in psychoactive compounds (illicit or otherwise). The experience of the pharmaceutical industry is that making such predictions at a usefully accurate level is not only difficult but that even when billions of dollars are spent to ensure that only compounds likely to have a desired effect without unacceptable side-effects are dosed to humans in clinical trials, they fail in more than 90% of cases. A range of experimental and computational techniques is used and they are placed in their context in this paper. The particular roles played by computational techniques and their limitations are highlighted; these techniques are used primarily to reduce the number of experiments that must be performed but cannot replace those experiments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1942-7603",
doi="10.1002/dta.1593",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dta.1593"
}