@article{ref1,
title="A scale for assessing the severity of arousal disorders",
journal="Sleep",
year="2014",
author="Arnulf, Isabelle and Zhang, Bin and Uguccioni, Ginevra and Flamand, Mathilde and Noël de Fontréaux, Alix and Leu-Semenescu, Smaranda and Brion, Agnès",
volume="37",
number="1",
pages="127-136",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Arousal disorders may have serious health consequences. OBJECTIVE: To develop a scale assessing the severity of arousal disorders (Paris Arousal Disorders Severity Scale, PADSS). SETTING: University hospital. DESIGN: Controlled study. PARTICIPANTS: Consecutive patients (older than 15 y), with sleepwalking (SW) and/or sleep terrors (ST), subjects with previous SW/ST, normal controls and patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. INTERVENTION: The self-rated scale listed 17 parasomniac behaviors (PADSS-A), assessed their frequency from never to twice or more per night (PADSS-B) and evaluated the consequences (PADSS-C: disturbed sleep, injuries, fatigue, and psychological consequences). The clinimetric properties and face validity of the scale were tested. RESULTS: Half of the 73 patients with SW/ST (more men than women) had injured themselves or others, whereas 15% had concomitant sexsomnia and 23% had amnestic eating behaviors. The total PADSS score (range: 0-50) was 19.4 ± 6.3 (range: 8-36) in this group, 11.7 ± 5.9 in 26 subjects with previous SW/ST, 8.8 ± 3.2 in 26 patients with RBD, and 2.0 ± 3.5 in 53 normal controls (P < 0.05). The PADSS demonstrated high sensitivity (83.6%), specificity (87.8%), internal consistency, and test-retest reliability (0.79). The best cutoff for the total score was at 13/14. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two components: wandering and violence/handling. The complexity of behaviors emerging from N3 sleep (scored on videopolysomnography) positively correlated with scores for the PADSS-total, PADSS-A, PADSS-C, and the &quot;violence/handling&quot; factor. CONCLUSION: This scale had reasonable psychometric properties and could be used for screening and stratifying patients and for evaluating the effects of treatments. CITATION: Arnulf I; Zhang B; Uguccioni G; Flamand M; Noël de Fontréaux A; Leu-Semenescu S; Brion A. A scale for assessing the severity of arousal disorders. SLEEP 2014;37(1):127-136.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0161-8105",
doi="10.5665/sleep.3322",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3322"
}