@article{ref1,
title="Response of the head, neck and torso to pendulum impacts on the back",
journal="Crash prevention and injury control",
year="2001",
author="Viano, David C. and Hardy, Warren N. and King, Albert I.",
volume="2",
number="4",
pages="289-306",
abstract="Pendulum impacts were conducted to determine human head, neck and torso biomechanics.  8 unembalmed cadavers were subjected to 23.4 kg pendulum impacts at 4.4 m/s and 6.6 m/s at T1 and T6. 24 tests were conducted with accelerometers on the pendulum, spine, torso, and head in the WSU 3-2-2-2 array.  High speed photography was taken.  Average responses and corridors were determined for head kinematics and chest force deflection.  The study provides chest biomechanical responses for rear impacts resulting in head displacement and rotation, neck extension and cervical thoracic injury.<br />",
language="",
issn="1028-6586",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}