@article{ref1,
title="Novel approach to the diagnosis of fractures in an austere environment using a stethoscope and a cellular phone",
journal="Wilderness and environmental medicine",
year="2014",
author="Matzek, Brett A. and Fivecoat, Phillip T. and Ritz, Reis B.",
volume="25",
number="1",
pages="99-102",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Fracture diagnosis in the austere environment where radiographic tests are not available can be a challenge. In the past, a diagnostic technique has been described using a tuning fork and stethoscope to assess decreased sound conduction in the fractured extremity. In this study, we evaluate the use of a cellular phone's vibrate function and a stethoscope to limit equipment carried by expeditionary practitioners.   OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of fracture diagnosis using a cellular phone and stethoscope.   METHODS: This is a pilot study to assess the usefulness of the above technique before clinical implementation. In 3 cadavers, we created fractures of the humerus and femur. Twenty-seven emergency medicine residents and an attending physician performed the diagnostic technique.   RESULTS: Overall, the use of the cellular phone and stethoscope resulted in a sensitivity of 73% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64 to 0.81) and a specificity of 83% (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.88), with a positive predicted value of 68% (95% CI: 0.59 to 0.77) and a negative predicted value of 86% (95% CI: 0.81 to 0.90). Positive likelihood ratio was 4.3, and negative likelihood ratio was 0.32.   CONCLUSIONS: The use of a cellular phone and stethoscope may be a useful tool for the diagnosis of fractures in the austere environment. However, further study is needed to validate these findings in the clinical environment.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1080-6032",
doi="10.1016/j.wem.2013.09.011",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2013.09.011"
}