@article{ref1,
title="The Effect of Differences in Objective and Subjective Definitions of Childhood Physical Abuse on Estimates of its Incidence and Relationship to Psychoppathology",
journal="Child abuse and neglect",
year="1994",
author="Carlin, Albert S. and Kemper, Kathi J. and Ward, Nicholas G. and Sowell, Heather and Gustafson, Belinda and Stevens, Nancy",
volume="18",
number="5",
pages="393-399",
abstract="The relationship between objective and subjective definitions of physical abuse and the lifetime prevalence of depression was examined in 280 women attending a family medicine clinic at a large medical center. Based on their responses to a detailed questionnaire regarding discipline and abuse in childhood, 28.2% of these women were objectively defined as abused. Only 11.4% subjectively defined themselves as abused. The proportion of women who experienced depression during their lifetime was highest among those who defined themselves as abused (83%), intermediate among those who met objective criteria for having been physically abused, but did not define themselves as such (56%), and lowest among those who did not meet objective criteria for a history of physical abuse (35%). Similar relationships were found for history of psychotherapy, receipt of psychoactive medication, history of hospitalization for depression, suicide attempts and self-injury. (Abstract Adapted from Source: Child Abuse & Neglect, 1994. Copyright © 1994 by Elsevier Science)Adult SurvivorAdult FemaleAdult DepressionChildhood ExperienceChildhood VictimizationChild Abuse VictimChild Abuse Incidence and PrevalenceChild Abuse EffectsChild FemaleChild Physical Abuse Incidence and PrevalenceChild Physical Abuse EffectsChild Physical Abuse VictimChild VictimVictimization Incidence and PrevalenceDomestic Violence Incidence and PrevalenceDomestic Violence EffectsDomestic Violence VictimFemale DepressionFemale VictimLong-Term EffectsPsychological Victimization EffectsVictim AdjustmentVictim DepressionDepression CausesEmotional AdjustmentAdult Adjustment01-05<p />",
language="en",
issn="0145-2134",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}