@article{ref1,
title="Neuro-ophthalmic deficits after head trauma",
journal="Current neurology and neuroscience reports",
year="2013",
author="Jacobs, Sarah M. and Van Stavern, Gregory P.",
volume="13",
number="11",
pages="389-389",
abstract="Head trauma can injure the afferent and/or efferent visual systems, resulting in neuro-ophthalmic deficits. When assessing afferent pathway injuries, a stepwise approach to evaluating visual acuity, pupils, color perception, and visual fields is critical. Traumatic optic neuropathy is of especial importance and its management must be tailored on a case-by-case basis. Efferent pathway injuries should be assessed with attention to abnormalities of ocular alignment and motility, which may occur as isolated deficits or as part of a recognizable syndrome. Concussion or diffuse axonal injuries may also affect ophthalmologic function. Here, we review the extant literature describing the assessment and acute treatment of traumatic neuro-ophthalmic deficits.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1528-4042",
doi="10.1007/s11910-013-0389-5",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-013-0389-5"
}