@article{ref1,
title="Mental- and physical-health effects of acute exposure to media images of the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq War",
journal="Psychological science",
year="2013",
author="Silver, Roxane Cohen and Holman, E. Alison and Andersen, Judith Pizarro and Poulin, Michael and McIntosh, Daniel N. and Gil-Rivas, Virginia",
volume="24",
number="9",
pages="1623-1634",
abstract="Millions of people witnessed early, repeated television coverage of the September 11 (9/11), 2001, terrorist attacks and were subsequently exposed to graphic media images of the Iraq War. In the present study, we examined psychological- and physical-health impacts of exposure to these collective traumas. A U.S. national sample (N = 2,189) completed Web-based surveys 1 to 3 weeks after 9/11; a subsample (n = 1,322) also completed surveys at the initiation of the Iraq War. These surveys measured media exposure and acute stress responses. Posttraumatic stress symptoms related to 9/11 and physician-diagnosed health ailments were assessed annually for 3 years. Early 9/11- and Iraq War-related television exposure and frequency of exposure to war images predicted increased posttraumatic stress symptoms 2 to 3 years after 9/11. Exposure to 4 or more hr daily of early 9/11-related television and cumulative acute stress predicted increased incidence of health ailments 2 to 3 years later. These findings suggest that exposure to graphic media images may result in physical and psychological effects previously assumed to require direct trauma exposure.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0956-7976",
doi="10.1177/0956797612460406",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797612460406"
}