@article{ref1,
title="Adverse pregnancy outcomes and sexual violence among female sex workers who inject drugs on the United States-Mexico border",
journal="Violence and victims",
year="2013",
author="McDougal, Lotus and Strathdee, Steffanie A. and Rangel, Gudelia and Martinez, Gustavo and Vera, Alicia and Sirotin, Nicole and Stockman, Jamila K. and Ulibarri, Monica D. and Raj, Anita",
volume="28",
number="3",
pages="496-512",
abstract="This study examines the prevalence of miscarriage/stillbirth among female sex workers who inject drugs (FSW-IDUs) and measures its associations with physical and sexual violence. Baseline data from 582 FSW-IDUs enrolled in an HIV intervention study in Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico were used for current analyses. 30% of participants had experienced at least one miscarriage/stillbirth, 51% had experienced sexual violence, and 49% had experienced physical violence. History of miscarriage/stillbirth was associated with sexual violence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.7, p = .02) but not physical violence. Additional reproductive risks associated with miscarriage/stillbirth included high numbers of male clients in the previous month (aOR = 1.1 per 30 clients, p = 0.04), history of abortion (aOR = 3.7, p < .001), and higher number of pregnancies (aOR = 1.4 per additional pregnancy, p < .001). Programs and research with this population should integrate reproductive health and consider gender-based violence.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0886-6708",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}