@article{ref1,
title="Rethinking Sports-Based Community Crime Prevention: A Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship Between Midnight Basketball and Urban Crime Rates",
journal="Journal of sport and social issues",
year="2006",
author="Hartmann, David and Depro, B",
volume="30",
number="2",
pages="180-196",
abstract="The authors conducted a preliminary empirical test of the claim--dismissed by most scholars--that midnight basketball programs lower city-level crime rates. Results show cities that were early adopters of officially sanctioned midnight basketball leagues experienced sharper decreases in property crime rates than other American cities during a period in which there was broad support for midnight basketball programs. Although likely associated with a variety of confounding factors, these rather-surprising results suggest the need to reevaluate the deterrent effects of popular sports- and recreation-based prevention programs with a new emphasis on more diffuse, indirect mechanisms such as positive publicity and community trust. Further substantiation and refinement of these ideas could significantly reshape how these popular and well-established initiatives are implemented and evaluated.   <p></p>",
language="",
issn="0193-7235",
doi="10.1177/0193723506286863",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723506286863"
}