@article{ref1,
title="Factors associated with the ability to estimate actual speeds in recreational alpine skiers",
journal="Wilderness and environmental medicine",
year="2013",
author="Ruedl, Gerhard and Brunner, Friedrich and Woldrich, Tomas and Faulhaber, Martin and Kopp, Martin and Nachbauer, Werner and Burtscher, Martin",
volume="24",
number="2",
pages="118-123",
abstract="OBJECTIVE.-: To measure on-slope speeds of alpine skiers and to compare their ability to accurately estimate their actual speed with regard to measured speed, age, sex, skill level, helmet use, and risk-taking behavior. METHODS.-: Skiing speeds of 416 adult skiers (62% men, 38% women) were measured with a radar speed gun. Skiers were interviewed about their age, sex, skiing ability, helmet use, and risk-taking behavior. Additionally, skiers had to estimate their measured speed as accurately as possible. The difference between estimated and measured speed was described as error of estimation (EE). RESULTS.-: Mean measured speed (±SD) of all participants was 48.2 (±14.3) km/h. Pearson correlation coefficient between the actual speed and the estimated speed was 0.57 (P < .001) for all participants. Skiers underestimated their measured speed on average by 5.8 km/h or 8.1%. A multiple hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that when skiing speed is increased by 1 km/h the EE significantly decreases by 0.5 km/h. Male sex, higher skill level, risky skiing behavior, and younger age groups showed a significantly better ability to estimate skiing speed, whereas ski helmet use did not. CONCLUSIONS.-: Skiing speed, age, sex, skill level, and risk-taking behavior seem to influence the ability to estimate actual speeds in recreational alpine skiers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1080-6032",
doi="10.1016/j.wem.2012.11.021",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2012.11.021"
}