@article{ref1,
title="Influence of ethanol on the pharmacokinetic properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid",
journal="Journal of analytical toxicology",
year="2013",
author="Toennes, Stefan W. and Schneider, Kirsten and Wunder, Cora and Kauert, Gerold F. and Moeller, Manfred R. and Theunissen, Eef L. and Ramaekers, Johannes Gerardus",
volume="37",
number="3",
pages="152-158",
abstract="Oral fluid (OF) tests aid in identifying drivers under the influence of drugs. In this study, 17 heavy cannabis users consumed alcohol to achieve steady blood alcohol concentrations of 0 to 0.7 g/L and smoked cannabis 3 h afterward. OF samples were obtained before and up to 4 h after smoking and on-site tests were performed (Dräger DrugTest 5000 and Securetec DrugWipe 5+).Maximum concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) immediately after smoking (up to 44,412 ng/g) were below 4,300 (median 377) ng/g 1 h after smoking and less than 312 (median 88) ng/g 3 h later with 5 of 49 samples negative, suggesting that recent cannabis use might occasionally not be detectable. An influence of alcohol was not observed. Drinking 300 mL variably influenced THC concentrations (median only -29.6%), which suggests that drinking does not markedly affect on-site test performance. Many (92%) Dräger tests performed 4 h after smoking were still positive, indicating sufficient sensitivity for recent cannabis use. Differences in the results of a roadside study with DrugTest 5000 (sensitivity 84.8%, specificity 96.0%, accuracy 84.3%) could be explained by a higher number of true negatives, differences between OF and serum and differences between occasional and chronic users.  Keywords: Cannabis impaired driving <p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0146-4760",
doi="10.1093/jat/bkt002",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkt002"
}