@article{ref1,
title="Psychiatric challenges in the first 6 years after traumatic brain injury: cross-sequential analyses of Axis I disorders",
journal="Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation",
year="2004",
author="Ashman, Teresa A. and Spielman, Lisa A. and Hibbard, Mary R. and Silver, Jonathan M. and Chandna, Tina and Gordon, Wayne A.",
volume="85",
number="4 Suppl 2",
pages="S36-42",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To examine the preinjury rates of Axis I disorders and the prospective rates within the first 6 years after traumatic brain injury (TBI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential. SETTING: Community-based research and training center. PARTICIPANTS: Persons (N=188) who had sustained TBI within 4 years of enrollment into the project were interviewed at either 2 and 3 assessments. Each assessment was approximately 1 year apart. Several Axis I diagnoses were analyzed to detect cross-sectional differences (by age and time postinjury) and average individual changes over the multiple measurement time points. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. RESULTS: The odds ratios changed longitudinally within each subject, indicating a decreased probability of having an Axis I diagnosis over time. There were few cross-sectional differences in age; therefore, age at the time of injury had little impact on Axis I diagnoses. Cross-sectional time since injury was not associated with more psychiatric disorders, whereas cross-sectional preinjury history of psychiatric disorders was predictive of postinjury psychiatric disorders. After controlling for cross-sectional effects, the frequencies of Axis I disorders increased in depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders in the first assessment postinjury and declined in subsequent assessments. CONCLUSIONS: Cross-sequential analyses that control for cross-sectional and longitudinal differences produced a more complete description of psychiatric disorders after TBI.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-9993",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}