@article{ref1,
title="Bullying victimization is associated with dysfunctional emotional traits and affective temperaments",
journal="Journal of affective disorders",
year="2013",
author="Frizzo, Matias N. and Bisol, Luisa W. and Lara, Diogo R.",
volume="148",
number="1",
pages="48-52",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Being bullied has been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders, but there is very limited evidence on the association of bullying with temperament. METHODS: The data was collected in a large web-survey on psychological and psychiatric measures (BRAINSTEP). Bullying was assessed with a question on time exposed to bullying (none, <1 year, 1-3 years and >3 years) during childhood and adolescence. Emotional traits and affective temperaments were evaluated with the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS). The final sample consisted of 50,882 subjects (mean age 30.8±10.4 years, 73.4% females) with valid answers. RESULTS: About half of the sample reported exposure to bullying and ∼10% reported being victimized by peers for longer than 3 years. Longer exposure to bullying was associated with lower Volition, Coping and Control scores, and more Emotional Sensitivity, Anger and Fear, with statistical significance between all groups. To a lower degree, exposure to bullying was associated with lower Caution and higher Desire scores. Bullying victimization was also associated with a much lower proportion of euthymic and hyperthymic types in both genders, which was compensated by an increase mainly in the proportion of depressive, cyclothymic and volatile types. LIMITATIONS: Retrospective assessment of bullying with a single question on time exposed to bullying and use of self-report instruments only. CONCLUSIONS: Being bullied was associated with a broad and profound impact on emotional and cognitive domains in all dimensions of emotional traits, and with internalized and unstable affective temperaments.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0165-0327",
doi="10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.046",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.11.046"
}