@article{ref1,
title="Witnessing spouse abuse and experiencing physical abuse: A "double whammy"?",
journal="Journal of family violence",
year="1989",
author="Hughes, Honore M. and Parkinson, Donna and Vargo, Michael",
volume="4",
number="2",
pages="197-209",
abstract="Child witnesses to parental violence, both abused (N =40) and nonabused (N =44), who were temporarily residing in a battered women's shelter were compared with children from a similar economic background (N =66) on measures of anxiety, depression, and behavior problems. Mothers of the three groups of children (comparison, witness, abused/witness) across the age range from 4 to 12 years completed a behavior problem inventory; the youngsters responded to paper-and-pencil self-report measures. Results indicated that the abused/witness children were manifesting significantly more distress on the behavior problem measure than the comparison youngsters, with the witness children showing a moderate amount and the comparison children the least. However, these patterns were mediated by the age of the child. Implications of these differential findings are discussed.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0885-7482",
doi="10.1007/BF01006629",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01006629"
}