@article{ref1,
title="A multilevel comparison of child abusers with nonabusers",
journal="Journal of family violence",
year="1987",
author="Hamilton, Amy and Stiles, William B. and Melowsky, Fred and Beal, Donald G.",
volume="2",
number="3",
pages="215-225",
abstract="An integrative, ecological model developed by Belsky (1980) implies that to understand child abuse researchers must examine factors at four levels: the individual, the family, the environment, and the culture. This study compared abusive and nonabusive parents at three of these four levels. At the individual level, abusers were found to have lower self-esteem than controls. Also, male abusers were likely to be relatively impulsive and hostile. At the level of the family, abusers described their children as more troublesome than control parents, but they did not perceive them as developmentally delayed. At the level of the environment, abusers identified more intense life stressors than nonabusers. Results of this investigation supported Belsky''s argument that child abuse involved multiple factors and levels.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0885-7482",
doi="10.1007/BF00976540",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00976540"
}