@article{ref1,
title="Nonphysical Abuse Among Batterer Program Participants",
journal="Journal of family violence",
year="2002",
author="Gondolf, Edward W. and Heckert, D. Alex and Kimmel, Chad M.",
volume="17",
number="4",
pages="293-314",
abstract="Nonphysical abuse of women is receiving increased attention, but research with clinical samples of batterers has not substantially addressed the risk markers of nonphysical abuse. A multisite sample of batterer program participants (n = 840) with a longitudinal 15-month follow-up was used to identify risk markers. Logistic regressions were computed with batterer characteristics for 4 categories of nonphysical abuse (i.e., control, verbal, threats, combined) reported by the batterer's female partners during the follow-up. The only substantial and consistent risk markers were nonphysical and physical abuse prior to program intake and program dropout. The programs appear to help reduce the abuse. Other significant risk markers varied across the categories of nonphysical abuse, suggesting that the categories do not form a continuum or hierarchy of abuse. Recurrent abuse, moreover, continues to be more difficult to predict in clinical samples than in the general population.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0885-7482",
doi="10.1023/A:1020304715511",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020304715511"
}