@article{ref1,
title="The impact of specific battering experiences on the self-esteem of abused women",
journal="Journal of family violence",
year="1994",
author="Nightingale, Narina Nunez and Aguilar, Rudy J.",
volume="9",
number="1",
pages="35-45",
abstract="This study examined the self-esteem of 48 women who were identified as battered and compared them to a group of 48 nonbattered women. As expected, the group of battered women experienced lower self-esteem than the nonbattered women. Four clusters of battering experiences were also identified: Physical Abuse, Emotional/Controlling Abuse, Sexual/Emotional Abuse, and Miscellaneous Abuse. Analyses indicated that Emotional/Controlling abuse was the only abuse cluster that was significantly related to lower self-esteem. The findings suggest that abuse that is controlling in nature might play a significant role in the feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness noted in battered women and may contribute to the difficulty that some battered women have in terminating their abusive relationships.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0885-7482",
doi="10.1007/BF01531967",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531967"
}