@article{ref1,
title="Analysis of clothing and urine from moscow theatre siege casualties reveals carfentanil and remifentanil use",
journal="Journal of analytical toxicology",
year="2012",
author="Riches, James R. and Read, Robert W. and Black, Robin M. and Cooper, Nicholas J. and Timperley, Christopher M.",
volume="36",
number="9",
pages="647-656",
abstract="On October 26, 2002, Russian Special Forces deployed a chemical aerosol against Chechen terrorists to rescue hostages in the Dubrovka theatre. Its use confirmed Russian military interest in chemicals with effects on personnel and caused 125 deaths through a combination of the aerosol and inadequate medical care. This study provides evidence from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of extracts of clothing from two British survivors, and urine from a third survivor, that the aerosol comprised a mixture of two anaesthetics-carfentanil and remifentanil-whose relative proportions this study was unable to identify. Carfentanil and remifentanil were found on a shirt sample and a metabolite called norcarfentanil was found in a urine sample. This metabolite probably originated from carfentanil.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0146-4760",
doi="10.1093/jat/bks078",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jat/bks078"
}