@article{ref1,
title="Passengers of impaired drivers",
journal="Journal of safety research",
year="2012",
author="Romano, Eduardo O. and Kelley-Baker, Tara and Lacey, John H.",
volume="43",
number="3",
pages="163-170",
abstract="INTRODUCTION: The aims of this study are: (a) to estimate the prevalence of passengers riding with alcohol-impaired drivers; (b) to investigate the role of demographic factors (age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational status) and relevant driving conditions (time of the day, trip origin, vehicle ownership) on shaping the likelihood of alcohol-impaired driving; (c) to identify and estimate the prevalence of passengers as alternative drivers (PADs); and (d) to examine the role that vehicle ownership plays in shaping the occurrence of PADs. METHOD: Data came from a unique convenience sample of passengers obtained from the 2007 National Roadside Survey, a random sample of drivers from the 48 contiguous states. RESULTS: The prevalence of PADs in the targeted population (mostly weekend night vehicles) was higher with drivers at .00<BAC<.08 (17%-43%) than at BAC≥.08 (6%-29%) drivers. The evidence suggests that targeted policies to encourage PADs to drive might be possible. However, vehicle ownership is a large impediment for PADs to act as designated drivers. We speculate that vehicle ownership may be a main reason for the less-than expected success of the &quot;designated driver&quot; concept.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-4375",
doi="10.1016/j.jsr.2012.05.004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2012.05.004"
}