@article{ref1,
title="Snake venomics across genus Lachesis. Ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of L. stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms of adult L. melanocephala and L. acrochorda",
journal="Journal of Proteomics",
year="2012",
author="Madrigal, Marvin and Sanz, Libia and Flores-Díaz, Marietta and Sasa, Mahmood and Núñez, Vitelbina and Alape-Giron, Alberto and Calvete, Juan J.",
volume="77",
number="",
pages="280-297",
abstract="We report the proteomic analysis of ontogenetic changes in venom composition of the Central American bushmaster, L. stenophrys, and the characterization of the venom proteomes of two congeneric pitvipers, L. melanocephala (black-headed bushmaster) and L. acrochorda (Chochoan bushmaster). Along with the previous characterization of the venom proteome of L. muta muta (from Bolivia), our present outcome enables a comparative overview of the composition and distribution of the toxic proteins across genus Lachesis. Comparative venomics revealed the close kinship of Central American L. stenophrys and L. melanocephala and support the elevation of L. acrochorda to species status. Major ontogenetic changes in the toxin composition of L. stenophrys venom involves quantitative changes in the concentration of vasoactive peptides and serine proteinases, which steadily decrease from birth to adulthood, and age-dependent de novo biosynthesis of Gal-lectin and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The net result is a shift from a bradykinin-potentiating and C-type natriuretic peptide (BPP/C-NP)-rich and serine proteinase-rich venom in newborns and 2-years-old juveniles to a (PI>PIII) SVMP-rich venom in adults. Notwithstanding minor qualitative and quantitative differences, the venom arsenals of L. melanocephala and L. acrochorda are broadly similar between themselves and also closely mirror those of adult L. stenophrys and L. muta venoms. The high conservation of the overall composition of Central and South American bushmaster venoms provides the ground for rationalizing the &quot;Lachesis syndrome&quot;, characterized by vagal syntomatology, sensorial disorders, hematologic, and cardiovascular manifestations, documented in envenomings by different species of this wide-ranging genus. This finding let us predict that monospecific Lachesic antivenoms may exhibit paraspecificity against all congeneric species.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1874-3919",
doi="10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.003",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.003"
}