@article{ref1,
title="Synergistic effect of lanthanum oxide on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene-based formulations",
journal="Journal of fire sciences",
year="2008",
author="Wu, Jing and Hu, Yuan and Song, Lei and Kang, Wenjie",
volume="26",
number="5",
pages="399-414",
abstract="Synergistic effects of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) on the flammability and thermal properties of intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene (IFR-PP) composites are investigated in the study. The limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter results show that the flame retardancy of IFR-PP is improved significantly by the introduction of La2O 3. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicate that thermal stability of IFR-PP is also enhanced. SEM pictures reveal that La2O 3 addition improve the formation of a homogenous and compact intumescent char layer on the surface of the composites. The possible mechanism of the synergistic effects between La2O3 and IFR is proposed in the paper.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0734-9041",
doi="10.1177/0734904108091990",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904108091990"
}