@article{ref1,
title="Measurements of hillslope debris flow impact pressure on obstacles",
journal="Landslides",
year="2012",
author="Bugnion, Louis and McArdell, Brian and Bartelt, Perry and Wendeler, Corinna",
volume="9",
number="2",
pages="179-187",
abstract="We present measurements of hillslope debris flow impact pressures on small obstacles. Two impact sensors have been installed in a real-scale experimental site where 50 m 3 of water-saturated soil material are released from rest. Impact velocities vary between 2 and 13 m/s; flow heights between 0.3 and 1.0 m. The maximum impact pressures measured over 15 events represent between 2 and 50 times the equivalent static pressures. The measurements reveal that quadratic velocity-dependent formulas can be used to estimate impact pressures. Impact coefficients C are constant from front to tail and range between 0.4 < C < 0.8 according to the individual events. The pressure fluctuations to depend on the sensor size and are between 20% and 60% of the mean pressure values. Our results suggest that hazard guidelines for hillslope debris flows should be based on quadratic velocity-dependent formulas.<p />",
language="en",
issn="1612-510X",
doi="10.1007/s10346-011-0294-4",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-011-0294-4"
}