@article{ref1,
title="The effects of whispers, voice-sample duration, and voice distinctiveness on criminal speaker identification",
journal="Applied cognitive psychology",
year="1995",
author="Orchard, Tara L. and Yarmey, A. Daniel",
volume="9",
number="3",
pages="249-260",
abstract="A total of 156 introductory psychology students heard a taped voice of a mock kidnapper for either 30 seconds or 8 minutes. The kidnapper had either a distinctive voice or a non-distinctive voice, and spoke either in a whisper or in a normal tone of voice. Voice identification from six-person, tape-recorded lineups was tested 2 days later. Participants who initially heard the perpetrator speak in a normal tone were tested with normal tone lineups. Participants who initially heard the perpetrator speak in a whisper were tested either with whispered lineups or normal tone lineups. Results showed that identification performance was superior with longer voice-sample durations. Voice disguise through whispering, distinctiveness of suspect's voice, and changes in tone of voice from initial hearing and lineup test significantly influenced identification performance on both suspect-present and suspect-absent lineups. Small but significant accuracy-confidence correlations were found in both suspect-present and suspect-absent lineups. Duration estimations of the length of the speaker's voice-sample were overestimated, particularly for the short 30-second voice sample.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0888-4080",
doi="10.1002/acp.2350090306",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.2350090306"
}