@article{ref1,
title="Influence of motion picture rating on adolescent response to movie smoking",
journal="Pediatrics",
year="2012",
author="Sargent, James D. and Tanski, Susanne and Stoolmiller, Mike",
volume="130",
number="2",
pages="228-236",
abstract="OBJECTIVE:To examine the association between movie smoking exposure (MSE) and adolescent smoking according to rating category.METHODS:A total of 6522 US adolescents were enrolled in a longitudinal survey conducted at 8-month intervals; 5503 subjects were followed up at 8 months, 5019 subjects at 16 months, and 4575 subjects at 24 months. MSE was estimated from 532 recent box-office hits, blocked into 3 Motion Picture Association of America rating categories: G/PG, PG-13, and R. A survival model evaluated time to smoking onset.RESULTS:Median MSE in PG-13-rated movies was ∼3 times higher than median MSE from R-rated movies, but their relation with smoking was essentially the same, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-1.81) and 1.33 (95% CI: 1.23-1.81) for each additional 500 occurrences of MSE respectively. MSE from G/PG-rated movies was small and had no significant relationship with adolescent smoking. Attributable risk estimates showed that adolescent smoking would be reduced by 18% (95% CI: 14-21) if smoking in PG-13-rated movies was reduced to the fifth percentile. In comparison, making all parents maximally authoritative in their parenting would reduce adolescent smoking by 16% (95% CI: 12-19).CONCLUSIONS:The equivalent effect of PG-13-rated and R-rated MSE suggests it is the movie smoking that prompts adolescents to smoke, not other characteristics of R-rated movies or adolescents drawn to them. An R rating for movie smoking could substantially reduce adolescent smoking by eliminating smoking from PG-13 movies.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0031-4005",
doi="10.1542/peds.2011-1787",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1787"
}