@article{ref1,
title="Danger signals activating the immune response after trauma",
journal="Mediators of inflammation",
year="2012",
author="Hirsiger, Stefanie and Simmen, Hans-Peter and Werner, Clément M. L. and Wanner, Guido A. and Rittirsch, Daniel",
volume="2012",
number="",
pages="315941-315941",
abstract="Sterile injury can cause a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that resembles the host response during sepsis. The inflammatory response following trauma comprises various systems of the human body which are cross-linked with each other within a highly complex network of inflammation. Endogenous danger signals (danger-associated molecular patterns; DAMPs; alarmins) as well as exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) play a crucial role in the initiation of the immune response. With popularization of the &quot;danger theory,&quot; numerous DAMPs and PAMPs and their corresponding pathogen-recognition receptors have been identified. In this paper, we highlight the role of the DAMPs high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and interleukin-33 (IL-33) as unique dual-function mediators as well as mitochondrial danger signals released upon cellular trauma and necrosis.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0962-9351",
doi="10.1155/2012/315941",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/315941"
}