@article{ref1,
title="The incidence of venous gas emboli in recreational diving",
journal="Undersea and hyperbaric medicine",
year="2002",
author="Dunford, R. G. and Vann, R. D. and Gerth, Wayne A. and Pieper, C. F. and Huggins, K. and Wacholtz, C. and Bennett, P. B.",
volume="29",
number="4",
pages="247-259",
abstract="From 1989-91, the Divers Alert Network monitored recreational divers for Doppler-detected venous gas emboli (VGE) and depth-time profiles following multi-day, repetitive, multi-level exposures. A Spencer score >0 occurred in 61 of 67 subjects (91%) and 205 of 281 dives (73%). No subject developed decompression sickness (DCS) on monitored days although 102 dives (36.3%) scored at Spencer Grades 2 or 3 (High Bubble Grade, HBG). We recorded the depth-time profiles with Suunto dive computers and estimated exposure severity with a probabilistic decompression algorithm. The HBG incidence increased 53% over the range of exposure severity (p < 0.001) in the divers, was approximately 20% higher for repetitive dives than for first dives, and decreased approximately 25% over the 6-8 days of multi-day diving (p < 0.001) suggesting a phenomenon similar to DCS adaptation. The observed HBG incidence was approximately 20% higher for males than females. Older male divers had a 25% increase in observed incidence of HBG while older female divers showed a 55% increase when compared to their younger counterparts.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1066-2936",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}