@article{ref1,
title="Young children's reasoning in games of nonsocial and social logic: "Tic Tac Toe" and a "Guessing Game"",
journal="Early childhood research quarterly",
year="1990",
author="Fernie, David E. and DeVries, Rheta",
volume="5",
number="4",
pages="445-459",
abstract="These are the results of a developmental comparison of children's play and reasoning in games of mathematical logic (Tic Tac Toe) and social logic (a Guessing Game), exploring a distinction posed in Selman (1980). Eighty-seven children, 3- to 7-years old, played a series of each game with an experimenter and then participated in an exploratory interview.Children's sophistication in reasoning was positively related across the two games, suggesting a common three level progression from mastery of procedures to a competitive attitude to advanced strategy. At the same time, the unique demands of each game were evident in the earlier appearance of a competitive attitude in Tic Tac Toe (TTT) and in a ceiling effect found for Guessing Game (GG) performance. Curricular implications are drawn using a constructivist framework.<p />",
language="",
issn="0885-2006",
doi="10.1016/0885-2006(90)90013-Q",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-2006(90)90013-Q"
}