@article{ref1,
title="Nonsuicidal physically self-damaging acts in adolescents",
journal="Journal of child and family studies",
year="1993",
author="Garrison, Carol Z. and Addy, Cheryl L. and McKeown, Robert E. and Cuffe, Steven P. and Jackson, Kirby L. and Waller, Jennifer L.",
volume="2",
number="4",
pages="339-352",
abstract="To determine the frequency and correlates of nonsuicidal physically self-damaging acts in 12-14 year olds, a two stage epidemiologic survey with a self-administered questionnaire (N=3283) followed by a psychiatric interview of a subsample of the adolescents and their parents (N=444) was used. Prevalence estimates of interview validated nonsuicidal physically self-damaging acts were 2.46% in males and 2.79% in females. Significant relationships were found between nonsuicidal physically self-damaging acts and suicidal ideation, major depression and undesirable life events. Data suggest that physically self-damaging acts occur at substantial rates during early adolescence. The strong correlation between nonsuicidal self-destructive acts and both suicidal ideation and major depression clarifies prior conflicting reports in the literature and suggests that a history of self-damaging acts should be taken into consideration when evaluating for possible depression and suicide risk.<p />",
language="",
issn="1062-1024",
doi="10.1007/BF01321230",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01321230"
}