@article{ref1,
title="The costs of sprawl for private-vehicle commuters",
journal="Journal of transport geography",
year="2012",
author="Zolnik, Edmund J.",
volume="20",
number="1",
pages="23-30",
abstract="Empirical evidence exists to suggest that sprawl contributes to higher household expenditures on transportation. However, little is known about how sprawl affects the cost of the most recurrent daily trip--the trip to work. To explore the sprawl-work trip relationship, the study adopts a multilevel approach to private-vehicle commuting costs. The multilevel model attempts to determine which measure(s) of sprawl contribute(s) most to higher private-vehicle commuting costs at the household-level after controlling for congestion and average household expenditures on housing and transportation at the Metropolitan Statistical Area- (MSA-) level of analysis. Results show that one measure of sprawl--street accessibility--has a statistically significant though minimal effect on private-vehicle commuting costs and that such costs are higher in MSAs with more congestion and higher average household expenditures on public transportation. Overall, a multilevel approach suggests that congestion contributes more to higher private-vehicle commuting costs than sprawl.<p />",
language="",
issn="0966-6923",
doi="10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.10.004"
}