@article{ref1,
title="Large-scale free and impinging turbulent jet flames: numerical modelling and experiments",
journal="Process safety and environmental protection",
year="1997",
author="Johnson, A.D. and Ebbinghaus, A. and Imanari, T. and Lennon, S.P. and Marie, N.",
volume="75",
number="3",
pages="145-151",
abstract="This paper summarizes progress in the development and validation of a suite of computational fluid dynamics sub-models for the calculation of open air and impinging turbulent gas jet flames. The sub-models are implemented in the commercial flow and radiative heat transfer solvers CFX-FL0W3D and CFX-RADIATION. Demonstration calculations are reported for an open air sonic 0.3 propane flame, and a 2.5 subsonic natural gas flame in the open air and impinging on a 2 m diameter cylindrical target. Improvements for the calculation of under-expanded jet shock structures, flame lift-off, and combustion in the main bulk of the flame are reported. A practical model for predicting convective heat transfer is identified. Results of preliminary calculations of flame impingement heat transfer are present.<p />",
language="",
issn="0957-5820",
doi="10.1205/095758297528977",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758297528977"
}