@article{ref1,
title="Children's experiences of school toilets present a risk to their physical and psychological health",
journal="Child: care, health and development",
year="2003",
author="Vernon, S. and Lundblad, B. and Hellstrom, A. L.",
volume="29",
number="1",
pages="47-53",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To ascertain why children and parents frequently describe problems with school toilets. SETTING: Two contrasting cities in Northern England (Newcastle upon Tyne 394 pupils) and Southern Sweden (Goteborg/Mölndal 157 pupils) METHODS: Self-administered questionnaires were given to children aged 9-11 years in England and Sweden. Researchers administered questionnaires to Head teachers and recorded their observations of facilities according to predetermined basic standards. RESULTS: Children from both countries said they found school toilets unpleasant, dirty, smelly, and frightening and that bullying occurred there. Many children avoided using the school toilets (62% of boys and 35% of girls (in the UK site) and 28% boys and girls in Swedish site avoided using the school toilets to defaecate). Results were similar in both centres. CONCLUSION: European standards are needed for school toilets in order to prevent children developing problems such as constipation, urinary tract infections and incontinence.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0305-1862",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}