@article{ref1,
title="Skin penetration surrogate for the evaluation of less lethal kinetic energy munitions",
journal="Forensic science international",
year="2012",
author="Bir, Cynthia A. and Resslar, Marianne and Stewart, Shelby",
volume="220",
number="1-3",
pages="126-129",
abstract="Although the benefits of the use of less lethal kinetic energy munitions are numerous, there is a need to evaluate the munitions prior to deployment to ensure their intended effect. The objective of the current research was to validate a surrogate that could be used to predict the risk of penetration of these devices. Existing data from biomechanical testing with post-mortem human specimens (PMHS) served as the foundation for this research. Development of the surrogate involved simulating the various layers of the skin and underlying soft tissues using a combination of materials. A standardized 12-gauge impactor was used to assess each combination. The energy density that resulted in a 50% risk of penetration for the anterior thorax region (23.99J/cm(2)) from the previous research was matched using a specific combination of layers. Twelve various combinations of materials were tested with the 50% risk of penetration determined. The final validated surrogate consisted of a Laceration Assessment Layer (LAL) of natural chamois and .6cm of closed-cell foam over a Penetration Assessment Layer (PAL) of 20% ordnance gelatin. This surrogate predicted a 50% risk of penetration at 23.88J/cm(2). Injury risk curves for the PMHS and surrogate development work are presented.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0379-0738",
doi="10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.008",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.02.008"
}