@article{ref1,
title="Distinctive messages in infant-directed lullabies and play songs",
journal="Developmental psychology",
year="1999",
author="Rock, A. M. and Trainor, L. J. and Addison, T. L.",
volume="35",
number="2",
pages="527-534",
abstract="Mothers were recorded singing a song of their choice in both a lullaby style and a play-song style to their 6-month-olds. Adult raters identified the play-song-style and lullaby-style versions with 100% accuracy. Play-song-style renditions were rated as being more brilliant, clipped, and rhythmic and as having more smiling and more prominent consonants. Lullaby-style renditions were characterized as being more airy, smooth, and soothing. Adults observed videotapes (without sound) of 6-month-olds listening to alternating lullaby-style and play-song-style trials and performed at above chance levels when determining which music the infants were hearing. Coding analyses revealed that infants focused their attention more toward themselves during lullaby-style trials and more toward the external world during play-song-style trials. These results suggest that singing may be used to regulate infants' states and to communicate emotional information.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0012-1649",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}