@article{ref1,
title="Juvenile male rape victims: is the level of post-traumatic stress related to personality and parenting?",
journal="Child abuse and neglect",
year="1998",
author="Ruchkin, Vladislav V. and Eisemann, M. and Hägglöf, B.",
volume="22",
number="9",
pages="889-899",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the level of post-traumatic stress in juvenile male rape victims and to test for its relationships with perceived parental rearing and personality dimensions. METHOD: Fifteen subjects (mean age of 16 years) were recruited from a correctional camp for juvenile criminals in Arkhangelsk, Russia. They were investigated by means of the &quot;Revised Impact of Event Scale,&quot; the &quot;Child Self-Report Post-Traumatic Stress Reaction Index,&quot; the &quot;Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale,&quot; the &quot;EMBU&quot; (perceived parental rearing) and the &quot;Temperament and Character Inventory&quot; (TCI). RESULTS: The level of post-traumatic stress, in most cases moderate to high, correlated with the temperament dimensions of harm avoidance and reward dependence. As concerns parental rearing, the total level of post-traumatic stress reaction was negatively correlated with paternal emotional warmth and positively with paternal rejection. CONCLUSIONS: The experience of post-traumatic stress is influenced by temperamental characteristics as well as by perceived parental rearing practices. Assumingly, these factors also play a role in becoming a rape victim, which deserves further investigation.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0145-2134",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}